Behavioral Observations

Definition

Measuring the frequency, duration, topology, etc. of student actions, usually in a natural setting with non-interactive methods. For example, formal or informal observations of a classroom. Observations are most often made be an individual and can be augmented by audio or videotape.

Advantages

Best way to evaluate degree to which attitudes, values, etc. are really put into action
Catching students being themselves in the most "natural" form of assessment
Least intrusive assessment option, since purpose is to avoid any interference with typical student activities

Disadvantages

Always some risk of confounded results due to "observer effect," (i.e., subjects may behave atypically if they know they're being observed.)
Depending on the purpose of the data gathering, there may be socially or professionally sensitive issues to be dealt with (e.g., invasion of privacy on student political activities or living arrangements) or even legal considerations (e.g., substance abuse or campus crime)
May encourage "Big Brother" perception of assessment and/or institution
Inexperienced or inefficient observers can produce unreliable, invalid results

Ways to Reduce Disadvantages

Avoid using this method when studying socially or ethically sensitive issues
Include representative student input in process of determining "sensitivity" of issue
Utilize electronic "observers" (i.e., audio and video records) wherever possible, for highly accurate, reliable, permanent observation record (although this may increase assessment cost in the short run if equipment is not already available)
Strictly adhere to ethical guidelines for the protection of human research subjects

Bottom Line

This is the best way to know what students actually do, how they manifest their motives, attitudes and values. Special care and planning are required when studying sensitive issues, but in situations where the information derived from the observations is critical, it's usually worth it for highly valid, useful results.

Bibliographic References

Naturalistic Inquiry

Qualitative Data Analysis.